"The red stain of bastardy, which two centuries of systematic legal defilement of Negro women had stamped upon his race, meant not only the loss of ancient African chastity, but also the hereditary weight of a mass of corruption from white adulterers, threatening almost the obliteration of the Negro home (W.E.B Dubois 1903: 50)."

Ronald Reagan, one of the most popular presidents in recent history, is well known for his ideological battle with the African American minority. Blaming the poorest, most powerless sections of society for its greatest evils, he drastically cut government funding in public services in the inner cities, leading to a sharp jump in homelessness, inner city riots and brutal police crackdowns. In the "Obi wan" style, Regan, based on his white Christian "superiority" ideology went so far as calling the Soviet Union, an "evil" empire, and used the medieval term "Barbarians" to describe Arabs and Muslims (Heinman 1998:145).

During the Regan administration of the 1980s, the country"s rich became richer and the poor, poorer. Regan"s attorney general, Edwin Meese, said cheerfully he was not aware of people being hungry. Around the time he was saying this a Physicians Task Force reported that 15 million American families had incomes of under $10,000 a year, receiving no food stamps and were chronically unable to get adequate food. A report by the Harvard School of Public Health in 1984 said that its researchers found that over 30,000 people had to beg for food to avoid starvation (Zinn 1990:149)

In 1854 Josiah Nott published a book, in which he claimed, based on his pseudo-science, that Caucasians (White) races have the largest brains and the most powerful intellect (Griffin 1999:51). Following in the same tradition, Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein authored, "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Struggle in American Life (1994)", a few years back. In the book they "prove" that African Americans are innately (biologically)"less-intelligent" than White Americans and as such are destined to a life of crime and poverty, the "underclass". They should therefore be controlled by a police state while "the rest of America goes about its business (Herrnstein & Murray 1994)."

Apart from the fact that Herrnstein and Murray don"t have much knowledge of biology, their ideologically manipulated data, comparing IQ to socioeconomic status, has been widely criticized. The cultural bias in the IQ test itself is conveniently ignored (ed Fraser 1994), as are the over-time increasing "group" IQ scores internationally and even locally among immigrant groups. It is beyond the scope of this paper to go into details with the "implicit" racism of Murray and Herrnstein, however it is worth mentioning that if such be the acts of "intelligent" beings, like the whole sale genocide of communities, the "less intelligent" animal kingdom shows a lot more prudence in its existence. Controlling for factors like "human interference", the animal kingdom might even outlive "intelligent" humanity.

By literally "squeezing" the life out of the earth, and leading it towards a premature death, Capitalism has shown a tendency of not being able to sacrifice the present for the future. The conservative right (the torchbearers of Capitalism, the likes of Murray & Herrnstein) however, blame the "underclass" for a similar trait (not sacrificing the present for the future). This makes us wonder who the real source of such a "culture of poverty" is. A source similar to the "code of the street" and the "culture of terror".The imperial elite, those that want to teach the "barbarians" responsibility and decency have acted in the most irresponsible and immoral way imaginable, even after using the Atomic Bomb (being the only ones to do so in human history) and seeing its effects:

Truman threatened the Soviets with the atom bomb when they were slow in withdrawing their troops from Iran immediately after World War II. In 1950, he publicly warned that nuclear weapons were under consideration in the Korean War. In 1953 during the same war, Eisenhower made secret nuclear threats against China and North Korea. In 1954 Secretary of State Dulles actually offered tactical nuclear weapons to the French during their final losing battle in Vietnam, but Paris declined the offer. Johnson considered nuclear weapons in Vietnam in 1968. Nixon contemplated using Nuclear Bombs against North Vietnam on a number of occasions from 1969 to 1972. In 1973, he also thought of using them when it was feared that the Soviets might intervene in the Middle East. On two other occasions, anticipating aggression by Moscow against the Chinese during a border dispute and possible Soviet intervention in the 1971 India-Pakistan war, Nixon toyed with the nuclear option" Not yet mentioned were the two occasions when President Kennedy contemplated using Nuclear Weapons: during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. (Parenti 1989: 174-175)

Colonization: The "Third World" developed the West:

Analysis of the poor in the United States, reveals the dynamic nature of the group. People keep entering and exiting from the ranks of the poor. The one thing that remains consistent is that the majority of the "persistently poor" in the US are the African Americans. Sociologist Herbert Gans, theorized that poverty is deliberately perpetuated in society among certain segments because the poverty of those segments benefits the elite (Gans 1995:91-102). Here on a local and global scale is empirical evidence for Gans" theory:

The American Ghetto: In the late 1940s and 1950s due to economic prosperity, men and women started marrying early and home construction in the suburbs reached an all time high. Middle class white Americans deserted the inner cities in great numbers, as a result by 1970 suburban residents were a majority in metropolitan USA, while before they had been one third of all metropolitan residents. American cities were being rapidly transformed, but one feature of them remained the same and that was the black ghetto. White suburbanization and black in-migration to the north led to an increase in the size of the ghetto. Neighborhood racial turnover was carried out in an almost automatic manner based on what sociologists referred to as the "threshold of white tolerance".

A few black families would enter the neighborhood and white residents would start abandoning and selling their homes and moving out. Realtors played a major role in lowering this threshold and made big money in the process. This was achieved by what is called "block busting." Agents would go door to door warning white residents of the "invasion" by black folk. They would purchase the home for a low price, divide it up into smaller units and sell at a premium to black settlers.

As a result of this, spatial isolation segregation indices in the northern cities peaked in the 1950s. In the 1970s the average segregation index for African Americans was 70. This means that 70 percent of blacks would have to move out of a neighborhood in order to achieve an even white black population configuration. In most big cities the number was close to 90 percent. The highest segregation index ever recorded for immigrant groups in the US was 56 for Milwaukee Italians in 1910, by 1970 the lowest index of segregation for African Americans was 56 in San Francisco (Massey & Denton 1996).

The US federal government was directly involved in the segregation process. To increase employment in the construction industry and increase home ownership, the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) was started. The HOLC initiated the process of redlining. Those who resided in the redlined areas almost never got loans and could never move out. How the World Bank and the IMF divides up countries of the world into zones and ratings is alarmingly similar to HOLC practices.

By giving a twenty five to thirty five year loan with a 90% guaranteed collateral payment, the FHA (Federal Housing Administration) and VA (Veteran's Administration), during the 1950s and 1960s, encouraged selective out-migration of middle class whites to the suburbs, leading to a decline in the economic base of the city and the expansion of the ghetto. In giving out loans, the FHA determined minimum eligibility requirements for lot size, which effectively eliminated inner city homes, thus forcing those who had got the loan to move out.

Black migration to U.S northern cities during the early 1900s related inversely with the ebb and flow of European migration. When the economy in Europe was booming, European immigrants would move back home creating a shortage of labor in the North. This would boost black migration to the North. In bad times, the inverse would happen. Blacks were also not allowed membership in white unions and as such were used as "strike breakers" by employers. As the numbers of black migrants increased in northern cities, institutionalized methods were adopted to check the expansion of black settlements. These methods, like red lining, zoning, legalized violence, private contracts etc, made sure that African American populations got concentrated in "ghettos" that were homogeneous, and completely isolated from the main economy (Massey & Denton 1996:31-35).

Think of what the Spaniards did in South America; the Portuguese in Angola and Mozambique; the British in China, India and Ireland; the Belgians in the Congo; the Germans in Southwest Africa; the Dutch in the East Indies; the French in North Africa and Indochina, the Japanese in Korea, Manchuria and China; the Italians in Ethiopia, Somalia and Libya; and the Americans in the Philippines, Central America, Indochina and in North America itself (against Native American Indians, Mexicans and African Americans). Actually it is difficult for most of us to think about it, since imperialism"s terrible history is not regularly taught in our schools nor treated by our media. (Parenti 1989:38)

The similarity between the creation of the ghetto in America and the creation of the "Third World" cannot be overlooked:

1. Colonial powers established trading systems in the colonies to extract much needed resources for the West. These trading systems were controlled by the colonial powers in the case of the "Third World". Higher-level employment was not offered to locals and so there was little transfer of skill (Fieldhouse 1999). This led to "skill mismatch"; similar to what William Julius Wilson discusses as one of the reasons for the development of the "underclass."(Wilson 1996)

2. The primary commodities, and raw materials towards which the "Third-World" economy was forcibly geared were very vulnerable to price fluctuations. This led to the development of a "cyclical" pattern of poverty, similar to the "ebb and flow" leading to black employment in the northern United States, discussed above. The West even today, allows migrant workers when there is a demand at home and expels them when the economy goes down (Alexander 1996).

For 162 years, the Naturalization Law, while allowing various European or "white" ethnic groups to enter the United States and acquire citizenship, specifically denied citizenship to other groups on a racial basis (Takaki 1982).

3. The local market was forcibly opened to imports of colonial "core-country" products to boost the colonial power"s economy thereby destroying the "infant" industries of the "Third World". This is alarmingly similar to the relocation of inner city jobs in America to its white suburbia and the creation of empowerment zones in the inner cities. The zones bring in outside firms that put the local vendors out of business. The big outside firms at best provide a handful of minimum wage jobs to the community, but drain the billions in purchasing power already possessed by it (Chinyelu 1999).

4. Marketing boards controlled by the colonial powers were set up in these countries and they purchased local produce at prices well below the market, added their markups and sold them to the colonial "core" power. The huge profits they earned were sent to their homes in these "core" countries and not invested in the "Third World" (Fieldhouse 1999). This is very similar to the lack of investment in inner-city infrastructure and employment base building. In most cases, the investment goes to boost tourism and to develop the downtown area, with no money being spent on providing much needed housing and jobs.

5. Currencies of the "Third World" were devalued by force, thus increasing land depletion (desertification) to meet the increased quantity demanded by the "artificially" lowered price. The extra income and profits were either spent on giving big salaries to the European "managers" of these colonies, or the European owned transportation networks, or the European owned marketing boards. Eventually, all this capital was drained from the "Third World" as these Europeans sent the money back home.

Environmental depletion is not only perpetuated in the "Third World" by the West, minorities face similar environments within the rich industrial countries as well. The US General Accounting Office study of hazardous waste landfill siting found a strong relationship between the siting of offsite hazardous-waste landfills and race and socioeconomic status of the communities in which they were located (Bullard 2000:32)

6. Just like the ghetto, the "Third World" economy was completely detached from the one section of its developed economy that serviced exports to the European colonial powers.

The "Third World" led to the development of the West via (Alexander 1996):

1. Under priced raw materials, and the vast capital flows from the "Third World" sustained Europe during the 19th century and led directly to its modern industrial development.

2. Mineral wealth and Gold extracted from the "Third World" laid the foundation of the capital markets in the West.

3. Over 20 million unpaid Africans forcibly enslaved, added to the surplus that drove the industrial engine.

4. Millions of indentured servants provided labor at wages well below subsistence.

5. Markets, like today, were specifically geared to serve optimally the markets of the "core" colonial powers. The surplus was invested in the "core" country and not in the "Third World."

6. Destroying local industry, forcing specialization in products, the prices of which could be easily manipulated to serve the Western market, strengthened markets fed by "Third World" capital. There was thus complete monopsony (one buyer who can set the price at which he buys) in the purchase from the "Third World" of its resources and complete monopoly (one seller who can set the price at which he sells) in the sale of colonial products to the "Third World". (FieldHouse 1999 & Alexander 1996)

Consider the example of Nigeria. Nigeria produces one of the highest-grade oils in the world. This oil, bonnie light crude oil has great demand in the aviation and space programs in the developed world. However, the country including the people that live around the oil fields are plagued with unemployment, poverty and lack of health care (Chinyelu 1999).

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The Data:

An analysis of census data in the United States (US Bureau of Census) shows that the structure of the African American population (demographic profile) in the United States resembles populations of the "Third-World" more closely than the general population of the society in which they reside, comparatively. The African American population is younger than the white population having a median age of 30 years compared to 38.1 for whites. Similarly "Third World" populations are consistently younger than the developed world because of higher fertility and mortality. Only 8% of African Americans are over 65 compared to 14% of whites. Life expectancy for black males is 67, while that of white males is 74. Similarly life expectancy in the developed world is consistently higher (in some cases by over 30 years) than in the "Third World".

Infant mortality for white Americans is 6.0 per 1000 live births while that for blacks is 14.3 per 1000. The Median family income for white Americans is $46737 while that for black Americans is $29404. The median personal incomes are $14892 for black males (15 and over), and $24122 for white males (15 and over).

In the 1940s, blacks made up less than 10% of US population, yet 60% of prisoners executed were black. Unemployment rate for blacks (16 and above) is 11.3% while national unemployment rates have been around 3% nationally in the past few years. Of all people 25 to 34 years of age 14.6% of blacks compared to 29% of whites had a bachelor degree.

Private schools in the United States are almost entirely white. Fifty percent of all private schools had black enrollment of less than 9%, even though almost half of the private school students came from central cities, where minorities aren"t even minorities (Ed. Wright. 2001).

Murder victims are disproportionately black males. Fifty black males per 100,000 population were murdered in 1995 compared to 7 white males. Black males make less money than white males in similar occupational positions, which require similar levels of skill. The median income of white males with a bachelor"s degree is $43,335, that of a black male with a similar degree $33,217. 15% of black males in the black labor force are managers compared to 30% of whites in the white labor force. However, 32% of blacks are laborers compared to only 18% of whites.

Environmental racism is witnessed clearly in the southern United States. Out of the 27 landfills operating in 48 states, a third are located in five southern states. The total capacity of these represents 60% of the nation"s total landfill capacity. Blacks make up 20% of the south"s population, yet zip codes of minority areas represent over 63% of the total landfill capacity of the south (Bullard 2000:33).

Economic exploitation and detachment from the mainstream society, leads to a profile of African Americans that closely resembles the profile of "Third World" countries. Distribution of diseases also reveals the colonial status of African Americans in the US. African Americans and Hispanics make up around 15% of the US population yet they make up 49% and 20% of all AIDS cases reported among those 13 to 19 (www.icare.to/caucus/health). Black women are three times more likely to die while pregnant and four times more likely to die at childbirth than white women are. The mortality stratum for all Africans (Child/adult) is either high or very high while that for all Europeans is low to very low. Only the Russian republics and some countries in the former Eastern European Soviet block have high adult mortality.

The American Indian death rate from diabetes is 380% higher than that for the White population (27.8 per 100, 000 compared to 7.3 for Whites). Whites are three times more likely to undergo bypass surgery than non-Whites, improving their probability of survival. Similarly poor urban Black and Hispanic neighborhoods have an average of 24 physicians per 100, 000 people compared to 69 per 100,000 in poor White communities.

The introduction of disease by white settlers that devastated the indigenous population is well documented in history. From the 1770s, venereal disease was introduced among the Maori in New Zealand. In the 1790s influenza and TB entered the population. This devastated the indigenous community, which had no resistance against such "foreign" diseases. Beginning in 1769 when Captain James Cook entered New Zealand, the Maori outnumbered the settlers 40 to 1. By the 1870s the demographic picture of the Maori changed. The settlers outnumbered them 6 to 1. In the 1880s only 30% of Maori girls reached their 30th birthday (Ed.Stasiulis 1995:42).

Stasius and Japphan write about disease and the American Indians:

More devastating to the American Indians than changes wrought by trade were the scourges of disease against which Native peoples had little or no immunity (small pox, influenza, bubonic plague, yellow fever and so on), and the intrusion of Christian missionaries. It is now estimated that 20 waves of pestilence killed as much as 90% of the original population..(Ed Stasiulis 1995:102)

Indigenous people within the so-called white 'settler' societies like Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States have suffered fates similar or worse than the creation of the "Third World". For example modern estimates place the pre-Columbus population of North America at 10 to 12 million. By the 1890s, it was reduced to about 300, 000. In Australia, Native/Aboriginal children of mixed-race were forcibly removed from their parent's home and given to adoptive white families. They thus grew up without knowledge of their roots, being termed the "Stolen Generation".

Consider the case of Canada. According to some estimates, the unemployment rates for the Native American population in Canada has never gone below 80%, and most of those working are working at projects funded by the government (Powless 1985). In 1970, 24% of Indian males made more than $6000 per year compared to 52% of Canadian males. The earnings of the average Canadian are 29% higher than those of the Native Indian man.

The proportion of Canadian men in professional and technical positions is nearly twice as high as those in the Indian labor force (18% compared to 8.6%). The average Canadian man earns 35% more than the average native man in the same occupation with the same skill level. In 1969, 80% of the Indian families were below the poverty line. The death rate for Indian people is six times that national average and the infant mortality rates are more than twice the national average.

The life expectancy at one year of age is 63.4 years for Indians and 72.8 for the general population. Suicide among Indians is six times the national average and violent deaths are four to five times the national average. In 1974, 54% of the Indian population was using social assistance compared to 6% of the non-Indian population. The juvenile delinquency rate for natives is three times that of the national average. In 1979 Native people represented 1.3 percent of the Canadian population yet they were 9.3% of the penitentiary population.

Australia is another example. Just as the patterned appearance of the ghetto in the inner cities of the United States, the appearance of affluence in close proximity to poverty is found in this 'white' settler state. The life expectancy of indigenous people in Australia is 20 years less than that of the non-indigenous population. Similarly indigenous people account for 31% of all Australians who live in abandoned dwellings or are "homeless" by all real measures. The unemployment rate for the indigenous population is twice that for the non-indigenous white population.

Compare the above data to an almost similar pattern of disparity (table 1) found among the white "settler" states and the former colonized non-white world. Global poverty is the rule and not the exception. Wages in third-world countries are 80 to 90 percent lower than in the West. Fifteen percent of the world's population (the rich countries of the West) controls over 80 percent of total world income (Chossudovsky 1997:35). Given that roughly 30 percent of the population in those countries controls over 50 percent of their resources, an even smaller group controls the world (Blau 1999:5). Over 85 percent of the world population gets less than 20 percent of total world income. The poorest 20% of the world"s population get around 1% of world income (Macionis 1996:189).

The numbers however, are only partially telling. They understate and mask true picture of global poverty, as their provision is based on a relative assessment of poverty. For example, according to the World Bank, the "upper-poverty" line is defined as a per capita income of $1 a day. Those that earn more than $1 a day are defined as non-poor by such a definition. Thus poverty is grossly understated. Compare this to the U.S with a per-capita income of over $20000 a year; one in five is defined as poor (Chossudovsky 1997:43).

According to Marxian analysis of stratification, economic oppression of minorities in capitalism is necessary. Racism thus becomes a screen, which the capitalist elite uses in order to pit groups of people against each other. If people can be distinguished easily and social consciousness can be molded by use of religion etc, to convince a group of people that 'others' are inferior to them, the emphasis of conflict shifts from its source, the capitalists, to the masses.

TABLE 1

REGION	LIFE EXPECTANCY (YEARS)	INFANT MORTALITY "RATE Per 1000 live births	GNI. PPP PER CAPITAL "IN US $	POPULATION DENSITY PER SQ MILE	POPULATION INCREASE 2001 TO 2050 PERCENT	TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
Western Africa (AVERAGE)	51	88	1000	101	393%	5.8
Eastern Africa (AVERAGE)	50	97	850	102	128%	5.7
Middle Africa (AVERAGE)	48	113	1500	39	203%	6.6
South Asia (AVERAGE)	61	72	2250	362	66%	3.4
United States	77	7.1	25440	77	45%	2.1
Canada	79	5.5	31910	8	18%	1.4
Australia	79	5.7	23850	6	29%	1.7

Bureau of Census 1995 & Population Reference Bureau, 2001 Washington, DC

Oppression of the minorities serves a dual purpose, being profitable in addition to being a screen. Minorities can be hired for low wages to do the work no one else wants to do. This not only reinforces the stereotype that they are 'inferior' and easily exploited, it provides so called 'empirical' evidence in favor of the 'ideology of superiority' based upon the theoretical construct of Social Darwinism. The real cause, the institutional arrangement of the elite, is thus masked. It is not only the interpretation of religion but also the interpretation of "science", pseudo-science, that becomes the 'opium of the masses'. As a result stereotypes emerge that are perpetuated by incomplete information and casual/subjective empirical observation that ignores the context of the situation. Stereotypes thus become a cost-effective "weapon of oppression", employed by the elite for maximum profitability and resource allocation.

Evaluating a list of eight Black stereotypes including "prefer to accept welfare" and have "less native intelligence", 75% of the Whites agreed with one or more and over 50% agreed with two or more, in a recent national survey of the Anti-Defamation League. About 30% or more agreed with four or more. In a 1994 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) survey about the work orientation of Blacks, only 16% listed Blacks as hardworking. Whereas only 7% placed Whites on the "lazy" end of the spectrum, a little under 50% placed Blacks in that category (Feagan-White Racism).

Racialized emotions are an effective way to ensure de facto, that old laws of separation are respected even when they have been made illegal on the books. In a 1990, two-thirds of the Whites said that they would have a negative reaction if a close relative married a Black person. Only 5% said that they would have a positive reaction.

II. IMF, WORLD BANK AND THE GLOBALIZATION OF POVERTY

The extremists are already in power. They have turned much of the world into a military garrison and an economic purgatory"(Parenti 1989:6)

In 1955 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was ratified leading eventually to the development of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The benefits of these organizations for the most part have accrued to international banks and transnational corporations. They imply a "supervision" of 'Third World' countries. The conditionalities of the WTO have given a new "legal" setting to the relationship between the West and the "Third World".

The elite in the 'Third World' countries that accept funds from the agencies mentioned above agree to "sell" their sovereignty, by accepting conditions for economic restructuring and policing to ensure compliance by the West (Chossudovsky 1997:35). Debtor nations have to give up their control of fiscal and monetary policy and Western institutions dictate their financial budgets and the working of their Central Bank. Thus every debtor country has a nominal government having even less power than subject local governments of the colonial era.

"Democratic" Loans: One of the first big loans that the World Bank made was on August 7, 1947. It was given for reconstruction to the colonialist government of the Netherlands. The Dutch had just sent 145000 troops to crush the anti-colonialist uprising in the East Indies. In 1966 the Bank in defiance of the United Nations continued to lend money to Portugal [and its colonial domination of Angola and Mozambique) and South Africa (and its apartheid). At this time in history the Bank was not profitable and had few lenders in outside regimes fighting wars. This however was to change in the late 1960 and early 1970s.

Loaning Out Poverty: The boom in the oil prices in 1973 and the US recession forced the loaning of money to the "Third World" at close to zero (sometimes negative) interest rates. This money was used to purchase U.S and Western imports, resulting in economic growth in the West and the creation of over 2 million jobs (Alexander 1996:114). Just like a modern day credit-card company that makes borrowing attractive by a short period of low interest lending, at the end of which the rate jumps to unreasonable levels, the U.S suddenly increased interest rates in 1979.

The total outstanding debt of developing countries was $62 billion in 1970; increased to $481 billion in 1980 and in 1996 stood at over $2 trillion (Chossudovsky 1997:46). By the middle of the 1980s, the poor countries of the world were giving more in debt servicing to the rich West than was being received in the form of all inputs (loans, foreign investments and aid).

Banks and institutions that set up shop in poor minority communities in the United States similarly drain the community of their resources. The same system is at play with its predictable pattern of winners and losers. Chinyelu presents a case study of the Freedom National Bank that was established in 1964 in Brooklyn to serve as a community institution for providing loans to African Americans for home purchase and small business establishment:

Freedom National collected $50 million in deposits from their two Brooklyn branches, yet woefully made only three mortgage loans, totaling a mere $130,000 to Brooklynites seeking to purchase homes"In other instances, members of the bank's management board pushed through unsecured loans, either for themselves or for their friends, some of which were not repaid (Chinyelu 1999:84-85)

The loans that were given by the bank and the IMF came with strict conditions. They were "policy-based". In the beginning of the 1970s, the Peterson Report in the United States recommended to " establish a framework of principles, procedures and institutions, that will ensure the effective use of assistance funds and the achievement of US national interests (McNeill 1981:52" (12)). The 'weighted' vote of the United States and the West in decisions is comfortably placed in such institutions, to guarantee decisions in their favor.

From 1970 to 1980, the flow of investment capital from the United States to the Third World amounted to about $8 billion. But the return flow from the Third World to the United States in the form of dividends, interest, branch profits, management fees, and royalties was $63.7 billion. Together (1989 figures), all multinational corporations and banks in the world take as much as $200 billion every year from the Third World Nation. (Parenti 1989: 13; Monthly Review 1983:37; Political Affairs, July 1982:37- all quoted by Parenti)

Consumers know that credit-card companies are happy if you make the minimum payments on your credit cards thereby maximizing the profits of their company via interest and "late-fees". Now imagine if they had the liberty to "force" you to use the convenience checks that they mail you, and also dictate where you do the spending- this is a close approximation to how the World Bank and IMF operate with 'Third World' countries. If your debt becomes unmanageable, you have to work to pay off the debt, whether you like your current job or not, otherwise you risk falling through the security net.

The IMF and the World Bank have devised a way to be even more profitable than the credit card companies. They don"t require the poor countries to pay back the principal (at the moment) as they realize that most of them cannot, even if they wanted to, so they just require the periodic payment of the interest on the loans. This is called "debt-servicing" by "rescheduling" debt payments.

However, apart from being extremely profitable, resulting in a net flow of capital from the 'Third World' to the West (poor people feeding the rich) it gives the rich industrial countries of the West complete control over the national economic policies of these countries. There are tight conditionality to these loans, and deadlines to their implementation in the debtor"s economy. The changes that these institutions require are not based on the implementation of an investment program or project; they are "policy" changes that affect the entire economy and especially the majority population in these countries, those that are the most deprived. The names and terms of the loans explicitly suggest the objectives. They are called "structural adjustment loans (SAL)," or "Sector adjustment loans." The IMF calls part of its loaning facilities "Systematic Transformation Facility (STF)".

On paper, the loans are contingent upon Macro-economic stabilization and structural reforms. By Macro stabilization, the IMF-World Bank requires a country to devalue its currency, liberalize its prices and snip and cut the country"s budget, called austerity measures. This is required of countries whose GNP is less than General Motors or the Ford Motor Company. Fifteen percent of the world"s population living in the Western industrial countries is responsible for nearly 80 percent of world expenditure (UN World Report 1998). Yet the same people, who spend the most, want to promote "austerity" in the "Third World". These "Ghetto Lords" enforce the following

i) Currency devaluation: This is almost universal in the IMF-World Bank policy agenda. A devalued currency almost overnight sends the 'Third World' economy in question into a price hike. Imports become more expensive while exports of the country become cheaper to the West, through the reduction of the dollar price of labor cost. The extra dollars that the government earns or saves are supposed to be used for debt servicing i.e. recycled back to the West. The effect of devaluation is that the domestic price of food and medicine and public services- common necessities- goes up almost overnight. Thus the poor are made poorer. Those who have saved all their lives lose the real value of their money in a matter of hours. However, commodities and raw materials required by the rich countries of the West become cheap to them but expensive for 'Third World' home consumption and lead to a booming economy in the West with a 2.2 percent inflation rate, compared to the double digit inflation in the "Third World".

By 1983,the money collected by foreign banks in the form of interest payments on Third World debts was three times higher than their profits on direct Third-World investments (Parenti 1989:27)

After adopting the 1991 IMF plan, the price of rice in India rose 50 percent in six months and the real-earnings of the textile industries fell by 60 percent due to inflation. This directly affected the lives of over 60 million people. Adding to the misery were the reduced wages of rice-paddy workers, around $0.57 for a day"s work. This amount, 0.57 cents, contrary to popular opinion is not a fortune in India. Adjusted for cost of living (purchasing power) differences, it could buy only $2 worth of goods in America. A monthly salary of less than $50, if they were in the US (Alexander 1996:109). Can anyone survive on $2 a day in the United States" However, the Indian government didn"t care because most of these "low-wage" workers were of the "untouchable" class. At best they needed "controlling" and "austerity" similar to the view of the West towards the 'Third World'.

After the flood in Bangladesh in 1991, which killed over 140,000 people, the IMF enforced its devaluation program. The retail price of rice went up by over 50 percent causing a famine and killing tens of thousands of people on paper. The real number was much higher, as the emergency food, being appropriated by indigenous officials never reached the starving masses (UN World Report 1998).

ii) Anti-inflationary program: However, after causing inflation via devaluation, the IMF wants the government to enact an "anti-inflationary program".

The IMF method of attacking inflation is to cut demand and put a tight control on the money supply. However, devaluation, which was the real cause of inflation, is ignored. Contraction of demand implies that public expenditure is to be controlled. The only way government expenditure can be controlled is to lay off public employees or to cut social service programs.

This has a double effect. It cuts government spending as well as private consumption spending. If people don"t have jobs they spend less on consumption. Therefore, money is freed to service the debt while people live at near starvation levels. Global consumption expenditure has grown at an average of 3 percent since 1970, however in the poorest of the 'Third World' countries it has fallen dramatically. Both public and private consumption per capita in Africa has fallen over 20% since 1980.

Another way expenditure can be controlled is to cut investment and infrastructure building. Thus projects like public utilities and water are stopped midway. Thus bubonic plague in India in 1994 was directly attributed to the "IMF structural reform program of 1991" which cut spending in that sector. Out of 4.4 billion people in developing countries, 60 percent lack access to sanitation and nearly forty percent have no access to clean water and a quarter have no housing (UN World Report 1998). About 17 million die of curable infectious/parasitic diseases like Malaria and Diarrhea etc. Yet the "noble" dream of the World Bank according to their web site is "a world free of poverty."

There is yet another way that demand can be reduced and that is to reduce foreign imports. However, the IMF-World Bank agenda strictly forbids any control on trade. Not only this, imports from the West are forcibly encouraged by "quick disbursing policy-based loans (Chossudovsky 1997:53)" for importing consumer goods and food from rich countries. Not only is the debt enlarged, it earns extra profit for the West as more of the devalued currency has to be used to pay for the "same" amount of imports.

The devaluation discussed above causes a short-term boost to the 'Third World' economy by increasing exports. The West"s control of the governing bodies of "Third World" nations ensures that the profit from this, what is left after debt servicing, goes to overseas bank accounts, in the West [by making the free movement of foreign exchange one of the conditionalities of loan provision in many countries]. The short-term boost however is over soon. Devaluation by the other 'Third World' countries, all fighting for crumbs from the "master"s table" soon restore the balance of trade to the former level, leaving the country poorer and the misery greatly magnified. This sets a viscous cycle of misery with riots, government overthrows, and near-war situations in many of these countries.

iii) Separation of Central Bank from politics: One of the conditions of the IMF is that the debtor nation separates the Central Bank from all political power. Thus the IMF and not the government of the country control the money supply and money creation. Therefore the economic development or non-development is now directly in the hands of the "foreign" power, the IMF and the World Bank, with its decision vote in the hands of the United States and its Western European allies. The influence is such that the heads of many of the Central Banks are former senior officials of the International Financial Institutions (IFI), and sometimes receive salary supplements from these creditors (Chossudovsky 1997:58).

iv) Public Expenditure Review: The IMF-World Bank monitors all public expenditure by the government through its "Public Expenditure Review (PER)". It has required that certain "vulnerable" groups be targeted but overall the state reduces its expenditure on such things like health and education. ). During the 1980s, spending on education in African IMF countries fell by 25% according to the UN Commission on Africa (Alexander 1996:127).

The reduction of expenses on social services, which were small to begin with, is not a one-time demand by the IMF and the World Bank. They require a "moving target" approach. Once the target is reached, a further reduced target is set for the next period, causing a further cutback in public spending. At the same time, spending on the military industry, especially where the sellers are the western firms is never discouraged. The major part of the expenses of many of these nations is on arms import. In NATO countries, military spending fell by 33 percent between 1987 and 1996, however in South Asia, it increased by 13 percent and in some countries like Indonesia and Malaysia, by over 35 percent (UN Human Development Report 1998).

These arms were imported in the major part from the West. It is therefore expedient for the West to keep situations in these countries at a 'near war' level. The 'conflicts', that are kept alive in many of these countries have already been decided upon by the United Nations [Kashmir and Palestine is the case in point] but are deliberately ignored by Western powers that seek to benefit from the status quo. In keeping with this contradictory policy, certain other United Nations" resolutions are forcibly extracted and executed with lightening speed in the "Desert Storm" fashion.

In the 1970s Somalia was almost self-sufficient in food and Vietnam had a 90% literacy rate. After they allowed the West to implement "Structural Adjustment" in their economies, we saw that Somalia was starving and enrollment in Vietnamese schools dropped by over 25% in a short period (Chossudovsky 1997).

v) Investment in infrastructure: In controlling expenditure, "ceilings" are placed on all expenditures of investments. The state cannot choose or employ its own public to build infrastructure. Though the "Public Investment Projects (PIP), the IMF-World Bank become brokers of all investment projects in the "Third World" country. It is required that "competitive bidding" among select international firms are the criteria. International firms are employed which charge large amounts of money in management and consultation fees [intellectual property rights].

A huge proportion of the debt is used for such "technical assistance." Thus once again, no capital is sent and a few numbers are added to the computer totals. The money changes hands in the same block of rich Western countries who compete for contracts to build. Locals are kept out of the planning process but local laborers do most of the building at marginal wages. Thus the external debt is enlarged, and local resources are not used for developing technical expertise but for basic "raw" labor, as against "planning science".

Another way the IMF-World Bank stunts domestic growth in the poor nation is by controlling the price of fuel and utilities. The price often inflated several hundred percent, force many manufacturers into bankruptcy by fictitiously increasing the cost of manufacture and internal transportation. Thus imports from the West appear as the only alternative. The East India Company achieved a similar motive in colonial times when it imposed "internal-transit duties" on local manufactured goods, thus aborting a newly forming industry. The same is happening today in Sub-Saharan Africa where local farmers cannot transport their produce to urban areas for sale (Chossudovsky 1997:63).

Yet another way employed by the IMF-WB to reduce investment [in the domestic economy to keep it at a resource providing, non-manufacturing level] is the deregulation of domestic banking and the free entry of foreign banks in the market. The government is not allowed to give subsidized loans, and a strict control of money creation together with other economic requirements of the IMF-WB, drives up interest rates to unreal levels. It becomes impossible to borrow money to invest in industry as its 'opportunity cost' is too high. It would thus be more profitable to keep that money in interest-earning accounts. This encourages non-investment and an inflow of "black money (money that has escaped taxation)" and "dirty money (illegal trade)" into the 'Third World' money market.

The advantage of this is temporary for the domestic economy, which gets short-term relief in debt servicing. After a short gain there is a huge loss, as the elites in these countries, after laundering this money, send it to the West, whereas before it couldn"t be sent as it was out of the system. Therefore, there is a double-exit of capital from the poor country. The exit that occurred when the funds were used for debt servicing and the exit that followed shortly thereafter in the form of laundered money sent to Western banks.

The IMF-WB policy encourages money laundering on a global level, where it suits the interest of the West. Where such laundering doesn"t suit them (or is channeled back to the domestic economy), worldwide bank chains like the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) are forcibly shut down, and their funds appropriated.

On a local scale, writing about the Freedom National Bank in Harlem, Chinyelu (2000) states:

"Earlier in 1990, when Freedom National was having problems, a much larger bank in Boston, The Bank of New England, was in a similar situation. However, the federal government made an effort to sustain the Bank of New England by depositing public funds in the Bank, while a the same time sharply cutting back similar deposits at the Freedom National Bank, thus hastening the collapse of this small minority owned institution. Equally disturbing was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation willingness to cover the Bank of New England"s $3 Billion in uninsured deposits, while not willing at least initially to cover Freedom National"s $8 to $10 million in uninsured deposits (Chinyelu 1999:85)."

vi) Removal of Import Quotas: The policies that encourage Western imports at the detriment of the developing domestic industry is further strengthened by the insistence of the IMF-World Bank that import quotas and tariffs be reduced if not eliminated. This has two effects; i) It leads to an increase in luxury goods being imported into the domestic economy, thereby resulting in a further outflow of capital to the West from poor countries and ii) a reduction of custom duties to the domestic government which could have been spent on education, health and other public services. Most of all however, this "increase" in spending is not due to a good economy but is sustained on either "short-term" export gains by devaluation [discussed above] or on "adjustment loans" i.e. further debt [also discussed above].

vii) Privatization of Enterprises: Another policy advocated with a vengeance [by threat of cutting off funding] by the IMF-World Bank is the privatization of state owned enterprises. In the best scenario for the West, the most profitable 'Third World' ventures are bought in exchange for debt servicing by Western firms. In this regard, Citibank has been doing a lot of shopping overseas. In most cases these transactions are just "on-the-book". There is no transfer of capital to the poor country. The "debt" number is reduced by a small amount on a computer "in" the West and ownership of a key industrial player in the 'Third World' is transferred to Western ownership. The profits from this venture are now, instead of being invested in the domestic country, being sent to the West; in the case of Citibank, to the US. The poor country has gained nothing in the process. Since the mid 1960s history has shown that the debt number that went down slightly in that computer "in" the West has gone up more than 3200 percent, as poor countries got buried in "forced" debt.

Another privatization venture enforced by the IMF is the privatization of land by issuing land titles to farmers. The income so generated would help the debtor country pay off the interest on the loans taken from IFI"s through the IMF-WB. However, this displaces traditional farmers, many of whom find themselves without land to grow food, almost overnight.

viii) Domestic Tax reforms: These have been the agenda of the IMF-World Bank as well. They have insisted that a domestic sales tax be applied on "common necessities". The burden of this tax invariably falls on the lower and middle class consumers who are already under the burden of reduced real wages and inflation [caused by IMF devaluation]. The contradictory nature of this policy is revealed when these agencies insist that "tax breaks and tax holidays" be given to foreign investors. Those investors who will cause a slight reduction in a computer number and will send most of the domestic growth abroad.

Not only has empirical evidence shown the disasters caused by the IMF-World Bank on an almost universal scale, especially in Africa and Asia, the IMF and World Bank have acknowledged their failures [without a change in policy, however]:

"Although there have been a number of studies on the subject over the past decade"In fact it has often been found that the programs are associated with a rise in inflation and a fall in the growth rate (IMF Staff Papers 37:2:1990, p196, p222- as quoted by Chossudovsky 1997:69)."

Conclusion & Solutions:

We live in a world where imperialism consigns hundreds of millions of people to lives of misery and oppression and where the shadow of nuclear death is cast upon us all, a world where the pursuit of profit is destroying the ecological conditions of life itself"The people of this country and other nations are increasingly become aware of this. The people know that nuclear weapons bring no security to anyone and that interventions on the side of privileged autocracies and reactionary governments bring no justice. They also seem to know that they pay most of the costs of the arms buildup and imperialism"(Parenti 1989: 203)

As we saw above, legislation based solutions are extremely limited in the results they can get given institutionalized racism, which I have argued is the cause for the continuing exploitation of the "Third World" by the West.

The clearest historical/empirical proof of this is the discriminatory treatment of non-white colonies compared to the white "settler-states" like Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. In these countries, the White minority was allowed complete control over domestic resources and was free to invest the surplus in the local economy and protect their local industry from being devastated by forced-exchange.

The British invested in infrastructure in these 'settler' countries and money was loaned at rates that followed local banking rates, and thus were not unusually inflated or exploitive. Wholesale killing of the non-white indigenous populations by the white settlers also restored a favorable population-resource ratio in most of these countries. Since there was no forced production in these "settler-states" and they were allowed protectionism (Fieldhouse 1999:19) and the freedom to choose their own economic policy, the products they chose to specialize in were products similar to those in the West and thus were more profitable and less susceptible to price fluctuations (Fieldhouse 1999: 130-162). The fact is that Britain treated these "settler states" as an extension of Britain and not "alien" like its Asian and African colonies:

As its base, the white settler society construct refers to the intention of colonial administrators"an "overseas extension" or replica of British society. Hence the dominant culture, values and institutions of the society mimic those of the "mother" country...(Ed. Staliusis et al 1995:97).

We similarly saw that after the "emancipation" of African Americans after the Civil War in the United States, the ideology that justified racism to the Western mind, persisted and resulted in a condition for the group that was little different than the "informal" colonization of the "emancipated" colonies after "independence". The dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan and not on "white" Germany reveals the same ideology

Bonner F. Fellers, General MacArthur's military secratary and chief of his psychological warfare operations, stated before the war with Japan ended:

"The war with Europe was both political and social, the war in the Pacific was racial." (as quoted by Dower, John W 1999:286).

Fellers described (in an internal memorandum dated June 17, 1945) the civilian bombings of Japanese cities as, "one of the most ruthless and barbaric killings of non-combatants in all history." (as quoted by Dower, John W 1999:286).

The same ideology, as we saw above, exists today with a change in terminology.

Recently, Harvard professor and "poverty expert" William Julius Wilson suggested in, The Bridge over the Racial Divide (2000), that a broad based coalition be formed that discusses both white and black poverty matters and is non-race based [to attract the white majority].

On paper it looks like a noble cause but in reality it doesn"t deal with the source of the problem. It is a dangerous idea as it delays the addressing of real problems and tactfully serves as a tool of the elite in maintaining the status quo.

The very assumption that a "non race based" coalition is needed to motivate action implicitly recognizes that white America is indifferent to the plight of black America unless their own concerns are addressed, in such a coalition. The problems of the "Third World" have never been solved by such seemingly "broad based" coalitions. The United Nations, the IMF, the World Bank all have "noble aims" on paper and are seemingly "broad based", yet the problems and the poverty of the Third World has only increased through most of their history. Small problems were addressed but the "broad" issues remained unsolved due to an exploitive racist ideology.

Conditions in the "Third World" that are perpetuated by the global capitalist system result in an oppositional "terrorism culture". Selective empirical evidence of injustice perpetuated by the West, to the followers of such an "oppositional" culture reinforce their own "Robin Hood" standing. Similar conditions in the inner cities lead to an oppositional "code of the street" and perpetuates street crime. Similar to the oppositional culture that capitalist alienation and drugs nurture and tolerate (Anderson 1999: 111). Elijah Anderson in his ethnographic study, The Code of the Street (1999) states:

The emergence of an underclass isolated in urban ghettos with high rates of joblessness can be traced to the interaction of race and prejudice, discrimination and the effects of the global economy. These factors have contributed to the profound social isolation and impoverishment of broad segments of the inner-city black population"In their social isolation an oppositional culture, a subset of which is the code of the street, has been allowed to emerge, grow and develop"A larger segment of people are now not simply isolated but even more profoundly alienated from the wider society and its institutions." (Anderson 1999:316)

1. New ideology:

If a lasting, just solution to the continued subjugation and periodic genocide of a majority of humankind is to be found, we need a new ideology. An ideology that demonstrates, in theory and action, the "one community" of humankind". Malcolm X witnessed such unity in Mecca during Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage.

By emphasizing the common, non-hierarchical origin of humankind, under one creator God (Koran 4:1), the Koran constructs a society where illogical ideas of superiority are not only considered ignorant, they are looked upon as a major source of evil in the world.

The psychologist, Erik Erkison stated that our cultures create, "pseudospecies", i.e. false categories of race and nation that destroy our sense of ourselves as one species thereby encouraging hostility and violence. This explains how "easy" it becomes for the West, to justify to its culture the systematic genocide of millions of "non-white" people (as quoted by Zinn 1990:40). Such a justification is not possible if ideology is based "exclusively" on a constitution that says:

"O humankind! Be careful of God who created you of a single essence"(Koran 4:1)"

"O humankind! We have created you male and female and divided you into nations and tribes for identity. The best of you in God"s sight is the one most (socially) aware (Koran49: 13)"

"And of God's signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the differences in your colors and languages. Indeed in this are signs for those who have knowledge (Koran 30:22)"

"You (men and women) issue one from the other (Koran 3:195)"
"Let not a nation deride a nation"(Koran 49:11)"

A common, equity based ideology is critical for generating a "broad based" collective identity that seeks transformative social justice. It is only under such an ideology that individual and collective "identity frames" can be brought into synchrony to reduce the potential for identity disputes (Stoecker 1995). Without a common justice based ideology, "narrow issue frames" would result in a movement that at best achieves small goals and either disintegrates or is co-opted by the elite before any meaningful social change. As a result, without a change in ideology, all calls for "broad based coalitions" like Wilson"s Bridge Over the Racial Divide (2000) are bound to fail, like the IMF, UN and World Bank have failed in achieving "transformative change" in the world.

The history of every human conflict and resulting injustice can be traced to the "selfish desire" of groups leading to factionalism (Koran 6:65), based upon an ideology of superiority. Without ideological shifts, even the oppressed workers, when they get a chance, become oppressors as Michels"Iron Law of Oligarchy makes clear.

Capitalism is designed to keep people apart through competition and individualism. The elite, taking advantage of the system and the market mechanism generated by Capitalism lock individuals in a race for survival, pitching one against the other. By reducing the worth of everything, including human relationships to their "money" value, Capitalistic ideology and a society projected by such an ideology produces the worst form of "bondage" possible. "Slavery" to material objects, in which the purpose of life becomes their acquisition. A "slavery" in which those who are enslaved don't even realize the depth of their bondage.

Malcolm X said, and herein lies the solution:

"The Western world"s most learned diplomats have failed to solve this grave race problem. Her learned legal experts have failed. Her sociologists have failed. Her civic leaders have failed. Her fraternal leaders have failed. Since all of these have failed to solve this race problem, it is time for us to sit down and reason. I am certain that we will be forced to agree that it takes God Himself to solve this grave racial dilemma (Haley, 1973)."

2. Access to the media and communication networks:

Formal controls alone do not change minds and attitudes. People discover over time that laws can be violated and avoided. Positive public relations, especially through the media can have an immense influence on people"s views. Black communities, which are among the poorest in this country, have lacked access to the media and effective public relations. Because of segregation, the majority of White Americans find out about Black Americans as well as the "Third World" through the media controlled by the elite who want to perpetuate and rationalize a culture of "superior-subordinate" relationships.

The media is a very powerful and effective tool. It has been effectively used by Israel to change the image common Americans have about Jews. By carefully portraying the Holocaust, they have monopolized world sympathy in their favor. Compare this to the much larger scale genocide of American Indians and Africans during the slave trade, which nobody hears about. So powerful is this persuasion via the media that it makes the world ignore the genocide of Palestinians by the once persecuted Jews.

3. "Odious" Loans:

Most of the loans given by the IMF-World Bank were "odious" loans. They were given to regimes supported by the West that were in most cases non-democratic. The people in these countries were never asked if they wanted the extra debt. Hence, the default of these loans and the complete writing off of these loans is justifiable (Danaher 1994). Not only did the regimes to which these loans were given, removed from office for corruption in some cases, they sent huge amounts of the same loans back to the West in terms of personal accounts and business and managerial contracts (McNeill 1981:54).

Thus, the people of the "Third World" should collectively, following the example of Mexico, refuse to make any payments on the loans (principal and interest). On the contrary they should demand the "time adjusted compensation" from the West for the "rape" of "Third World" resources by the colonial powers and for the free use of labor, unfair compensation and capital drain from the "Third World" during the colonial era and after.

4. Investment Banks, Cartels and Counter Trade Embargoes:

Cartels to control the price of primary commodities should be set up, so that the West doesn"t gain an unfair advantage by its economic "warfare" on the "Third World". The example of the 1970s where, if the "Third World" could collectively impose a defensive economic embargo against the West, should serve as a benchmark for the restoration of the balance of power in the world.

Third World poverty receives lesser attention in the West than a few cent rise in the domestic price of U.S gas, as was witnessed last summer. Unless the ideology of racism is replaced by a completely different, more humane ideology, the "Third World" should pursue "de-linking" from the Western economy, engaging the West only where it is beneficial to the masses of the "Third World." This implies exiting all "broad based" coalitions that serve the interests of the West.

Regional investment banks in the "Third World" that cover certain blocks of countries should be established. The granting of loans to private "domestic" entrepreneurs based on the monitoring of their performance in the local economy should be envisioned.

Import subsidizing industries should be developed with maximum investment and protection. Trade within the "Third World" block should be encouraged as against Western imports. When these "infant" industries grow up, trade can be liberalized on equal, non-predatory terms with the whole world.

5. Investment in Education and Information Technology:

The "Third World" should make maximum investment in developing its media to control the media warfare by the West [controlled by a few elite-groups with vested interests]. The West's export of the culture of racism, under the false pretense of "freedom" should be intellectually challenged. Boards that deal specifically with media issues and the communications of ideas should counteract, and bring to public notice injustice done in the name of democracy and freedom.

The West developed in the major part due to information freely shared by Muslim merchants and the Islamic civilization. Science, Accounting, Mathematics and Algebra (including the number system), the philosophy of the Greeks, all came to the West through Islam (Alexander 1996:7 etc). The colonials, by non transfer of industrial knowledge, and the West nowadays by non transfer of "equal" technology, plays a game of "technology warfare" backed by a philosophy that, " an educated Negro (or "Third World") is a dangerous Negro (or "Third World) (W.E.B Dubois 1903: 71). "Skill mismatch" is the outcome of planned alienation, backed by a racist ideology.

Knowledge is nobody"s property. New information gets its foundation on older information. It is nobody"s right to block one level when the earlier level was not "invented" by him or her. Thus all intellectual property rights are illegal in the most part. Loops around barriers to education can be found if properly searched. The "Third World" in this information age needs to locate these loopholes. "Persuasion resources" should be directed towards the intellectuals so that they can see the "right" and "wrong" in issues based on justice. Such members will be the lifeline of the majority world if it is to survive in an age where information and knowledge are used as weapons because of racist ideologies, based themselves on a "lack of knowledge".

6. Population-Resource Ratio:

Most countries, especially the poorest in Asia and Africa have a very unfavorable population to resource ratio. The population boom, as understood by sociologists, is not based on "free-will" choices but on a host of deterministic factors. These factors, like the lack of education or adequate diet are the direct legacy of colonialization in the case of the "Third World" and slavery, and institutionalized oppression in the case of the African American "underclass". If the other problems are taken care of, population levels will overtime, automatically adjust as reflected by the Demographic Transition Theory.

Hopefully in the long run, we can all succeed together and in the "perfect-world" humanity can grow as one. If not, then history has shown that empires like the West, built and sustained upon human suffering, eventually crumble from within. Let us also hope that the masses in the West recognize this and change the agenda of the elite before the West "self-destructs" forcing history to repeat itself.

"Systems have passed away before you. Travel in the earth and see the nature of the consequence for the tyrants""
(Koran 27:69)

The value of every individual human life, man or woman, of whatever race, creed or religion, according to the Koran, is unsurpassed in world literature:

""Whosoever kills even one human being for other than manslaughter or mass destruction on earth, it shall be as if they had killed all of humankind and whosoever saves the life of one, it shall be as if they saved all of humanity (Koran 5:32)."

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KORAN: A NEW HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY

NOTES

1.According to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, the West or the "core" forces unequal political and economic opportunity on the poor nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the "periphery" (Schaefer & Lamm 1998:257)

2.The influence of the media is illustrated in a recent study done in Fiji. Within three years of the introduction of television in 1995 to the island, the number of female teenagers at risk of eating disorders nearly doubled. The "thin is sexy" image presented by the American media, made those who watched television heavily, 50% more likely to describe themselves as fat and 30% more likely to diet than those who watched it moderately (Kilbourne 1999:135). Thus the cultural ideal, for a woman, that had existed for centuries changed, following after a "superior" West.

3. Many of the private Christian Aid agencies put evangelism before aid management as they go about their business of converting the heathen. The International Christian Aid, working among Somali Muslims almost provoked riots. World Vision employees used the threat of withholding food supplies to force Salvadoran refugees into attending Protestant worship services (Hancock 1989).

4.Alexander (1996) notes that the ideology of 'Apartheid' in South Africa was, "rich with references to Christianity, and divine destiny"" and a common belief about 'white supremacy' (Alexander 1996:233).

5.The Bible fails to impress an objective observer as a "moral" book because of its racist attitude towards all non-Jews, i.e. the Gentiles. Not only is this idea of race superiority explicit in the Old Testament, the "Pauline" Jesus [the Gospels were penned after Paul's epistles and were heavily influenced by his brand of Christianity] according to the New Testament called non-Jews, "dogs." A gentile woman following after him asked him for help and he replied, ""It is not right to take the children's bread and cast it before dogs (Mark 7:27)." Later the woman followed after him and begged him for the "crumbs". The same "crumbs" that the West hands out to the "Third World". Over time non-Jew got easily converted to non-white.

6.The use of alcohol to subjugate Africans and for acquiring slaves by the colonials, and for the subjugation of American Indians by the settlers is well documented. The fact that alcohol produces temporary "normlessness [i.e. anomie]" is a biological fact, as alcohol chemically targets the specific area of the brain involved in social control. The Bible states:"Give strong drink to him who is ready to perish and wine to those that are heavy of heart. Let him drink and forget his poverty and remember his misery no more(Proverbs 31:6-7)."

7.The IMF classifies countries in terms of "resource usefulness" to the West. In terms of murder and rape, the countries of the West are the 'least developed', however that is not the criteria that the West has dictated (Alexander 1996:80). From 1982 to 1990 the total amount of money transferred from the "Third World" to the West was around six times the amount of the Marshall Plan that helped rebuild Europe after World War II. How come the "Third World" isn't six times or even equally developed" (Alexander 1996).

8.In the 1990s, U.S cities had an average 'segregation index' of 66.5%. This means that around 67% of blacks would have to move to make the neighborhood integrated [Massey & Denton 1996:222]. Christian churches are even more segregated than U.S cities [Griffin 1999].

The General Social Survey of 1998, conducted by the University of Chicago, reveals [despite the political incorrectness of advocating segregation], a full 57% of white Christians [Protestants, Catholics, Orthodox, etc.] explicitly stated that they would not tolerate a different race in the neighborhood, compared to 28% of white Jews and 40% of white Buddhists. and 29% of white people with "no religion" [SPSS cross-tabulation, 1998, General Social Survey].

THE JUSTICE PARADIGM

Contrary to the "natural order" conjectured by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) in his Social Darwinism, the Theory of Everything will present objective reality of a normative and positive nature based on the larger scale governance of the universe. It will transcend all societies. The Justice Paradigm is the first book that attempts to uncover that normative order, based upon the Koran and scientific sociology.

The Justice Paradigm
Author: Muhammed A. Asadi
ISBN: 0-595-20896-7
Publisher: Writer's Club Press
~~Order online~~
www.amazon.com

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