Please note that this
paper DOES NOT present in any way the Christian Creationists position on
humankind's origin. The Koran does not set a time of 6000 years for the creation
of the world, neither does it support the unscientific ideas in the Bible.This
analysis is not creationist propaganda. It is based on established scientific
facts and critical rationalism. The experts cited are authorities in their field
and NONE of them with the exception of one, is a Muslim. Propaganda, like
Richard Dawkins presents, in his books fits in the same category as creationism,
which is pseudo-science!It does more harm to science and the scientific system
than good. As the Koran states, "Truth is clear from falsehood", consider the
contents with an open mind!
"Say: travel in the earth and see how God [Allah]
originated creation..." Koran 29:20 I) No unequivocal scientific
evidence exists in favor of evolution by natural selection changing specie types
on a grand scale. This is an atrocious claim.
Darwin acknowledged that empirical evidence did not exist in support of his
theory whereas empirical evidence exists in support of the earth going around
the sun. "Say: `Is there any of your
associates [whom you hold equal to God], one who produces creation then
reproduces it?' Say: `Allah (God) produces creation then reproduces it. How,
then are you mislead." (Koran 10:34) The One who originated the
genetic code has the power to reproduce it, to add to it or take away from it,
which can be defined as DIRECTED evolution, and not Natural Selection.
Whereas "Micro-evolution" is seen to operate in nature and which Darwin
documented in his voyage on the Beagle, it operates within the same species. For
example the variation in Finches that Darwin documented as well as the darkening
of the color of the wing of the moth after the industrial revolution (i.e.
pollution) so that it can better escape predators. Sudden appearance [as against the
gradual improvement and appearance]. In any local area, a species does not arise
gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once
and "fully formed. (As cited in Johnson 1993:50)"
What makes us
particularly unwilling to accept the story of the little fish- the ‘Magellan of
evolution’- is the fact that the boleophthalmidae and periophthalmidae (mud
skippers) perform this very experiment [of trying to explore dry land, as the
Darwinian story goes]. They scuttle across the mud, climb the roots of mangrove
trees, and raise themselves on their pectoral fins, just as if the limbs were
short limbs. They have lived in this way for millions of years, and although
they never stop leaping about- awkwardly or not- their fins insist on remaining
as they are, rather than transforming themselves into limbs. These animals are
not really very understanding [of Darwin]" (as cited in Bucaille 1987:
56). Consider the fact that nature's
distinctions are clear. The group-type mammals for example, the Kangaroo, the
mouse and the man all have the basic mammalian characteristics of hair and
mammary glands and due to these and other common features stand distinct from
other vertebrate (those having back bones) species. If Macroevolution were the
case and a fact like Dawkins states then nature's divisions would not be so
distinct but blurred just as evolutionary theory predicts. This is exactly what
we don't find in nature or the fossil record. "And how many an animal there is
that bears not its own provision! Allah [God] provides for it and for you. He is
the Hearer the Knower." Koran 29:60 i) The Irish elk with its
excessive antlers which causes a hindrance rather than an advantage to the
animal in question. Evolutionists say that the development of antlers was an
"chance" benefit of Natural Selection. Why didn't Natural Selection correct it
and prevent it from being excessive in the case of the Irish elk? ii)There are Mollusks living on
coral reefs the shells of which have become so over- thickened that they can
hardly open them to feed. "And of His
[God's] signs is the creation of the skies and the earth and all the variety of
beasts that he has dispersed in them. And He is able to gather them whenever He
wills." Koran 42:29 That so many
diverse forms of life and basically dissimilar body plans have in fact been
actualized during the course of evolution on earth, supports the concept that
the evolutionary tree of life on earth was generated from a unique
PROGRAM embedded in the order of nature, and that was specifically
arranged to generate through a myriad of unique and intricate transformations,
the fullest possible plentitude of natural biological forms (Denton
1998:320) 1.Artificial selection does not
create new species, as is claimed for Natural Selection. 2.Artificial selection does not
create new functional organs or a new organization or a new genus, as Natural
Selection is supposed to in the "minds" of the Darwinists
3.Artificial Selection does not
work using "blind" nature and chance but intelligence. 4.When animals altered by
artificial selection are returned to the natural environment the "highly
specialized breeds" die out and not the "weaker" ones that occur in
nature. Natural selection, which implies
"Survival of the Fittest", is a circular argument that applies a tautology [a
way of saying the same thing twice]. The theory predicts that the "fittest" will
produce the most offspring, and the definition of "fittest" is the one that
produces the most offspring. Thus what the theory is saying is: "The one that
produces the most offspring [fittest] will produce the most offspring."
The mathematician D.S Ulam argued
that it was highly improbably that the eye could have evolved by the
accumulation of small mutations because the number of mutations would have to be
so large and the time available not nearly long enough for them to appear…a
French Mathematician named Schutzenberger concluded that " there is a
considerable gap in the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution, and we believe the
gap to be of such nature that it cannot be bridged with the current conception
of biology (Johnson 1993:38-39)." There appear to
have been a number of mass extinctions in the history of the earth, and debate
still continues about what caused them. Two catastrophes in particular stand
out: the Permian extinction of about 245 million years ago, which exterminated
half the families of marine invertebrates and probably more than 90% of all
species; and the famous "K-T" extinction at the end of the Cretaceous era, about
65 million ago, which exterminated the dinosaurs and a great deal else besides,
including those ammonites whose disappearance Darwin conceded to have been
wonderfully sudden (Johnson 1993:57). "If God
wills He can destroy you and produce a new creation. That is not difficult for
God (Koran)" Homology as Proof of
Macro-evolution: Not! Darwin concluded that since
similarities exist in organisms belonging to different species regardless of
their habits of life, therefore all species MUST have a common ancestor. Indeed,
homology, as he defined it, was what he took most comfort in defending his
theory. Homologous structures need not be
controlled by identical genes and homology of phenotype doesn't imply similarity
of genotype. Almost every gene that has been
studied in animals has been found to affect more than one organ system. A
multiple effect known as PLEIOTROPY. What really kills Darwinism and his
homology argument is that PLEIOTROPHIC effects are invariably SPECIES SPECIFIC.
Also according to basic biochemical design no species can be thought of as being
primitive and ancestral with respect to any other species. How biochemical
systems evolved remains a mystery and a "area of silence" for Darwinians. There
is almost complete silence in biochemical literature and journals discussing the
evolutionary pathway leading to the development of biochemical systems (Behe
1996).
Although it is
true that vertebrates all pass through an embryonic stage at which they resemble
each other, in fact they develop to this stage very differently. After a
vertebrate egg is fertilized, it undergoes cell divisions and cell movements
characteristic of its class: fishes follow one pattern, amphibians another one,
birds yet another, and mammals still another. The differences cannot be
explained as larval adaptations, since these early stages occur before the
larvae form and thus are apparently not exposed to natural selection (Johnson
1993:73) Darwin's
subjective argument concerning homology (which he considered one of his
strongest cases for evolution by natural selection) is further disproved by the
existence of homologous phenotypes that can by no stretch of the imagination be
attributed to a common ancestor via Natural Selection. Consider the forelimb,
which in the early development is also based on the pentadectyl patter and
cannot be distinguished from the hind limb. Yet it cannot be said that the hind
limb evolved from the fore or vice versa. According to evolutionary theory, the
forelimb arose from the pectoral fin of the fish and the hind from the pelvic
fin, and also the final structure in adults of the fore and the hind are
markedly different. "If (God) wills, He destroys
you and in your place appoints whom He wills as successors just as He
brought you forth from the descendants of other peoples." Koran
6:133 The waves of hominids appear as
SUCCESSORS one of the other. They represent stages [or phases] in
succession each one showing a progression in intelligence and psychical powers-
an increasingly sophisticated organization of the brain. "If it
could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly
have been formed by numerous successive slight modifications, MY THEORY WOULD
ABSOLUTELY BREAK DOWN".
Consider a modern day disciple of
Darwin, Dawkins, on page 91 of his book, "The Blind Watchmaker,"
writes, "Have you not seen the Birds
that are subjected (to God's command) in the air of the sky? Surely in this are
signs for a people who confirm." (Koran
16:79) Each wing of every species of
bird consists of a central shaft carrying a series of barbs, which are
positioned at right angles to the shaft to form a vane. The wing is designed by
someone who is well aware of the laws of aerodynamics and the problems that
might arise during flight. One of the problems of all aerofoils is turbulence,
which reduces lift and causes stalling. Turbulence is cut down by providing
slots in the aerofoil to let through part of the air stream and smooth the flow.
Aero-engineers use this same principle in designing airplanes. Surprisingly
enough, the wings of the birds have this already built in. Consider the flight
of the hummingbird to appreciate how complex the properties of the feathered
aerofoil really is. Immune and Blood Clotting
Systems: The immune and blood clotting
mechanisms in organisms whereby foreign intruders are detected and the organism
is saved from bleeding to death respectively, can truly be defined as
"Irreducibly complex" systems. Just like a mouse trap wont work if any one of
its parts is missing or is improperly placed, the system of chain reactions in
blood clotting for example wont work if any part of the mechanism is
crude. "By irreducibly complex I mean a
single system composed of several well-matched, integrating parts that
contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts
causes the system to effectively cease functioning (Behe
1996:39) The protein manufacturing system
of all cells requires the integrated activity of nearly 100 "...The standard established
order. There's no changing what Allah [God]natures. That is the established
standard system (in nature), but most among humankind know not (Koran
30:30)." Genetic
engineering distorts or repairs what has been distorted of a given system. It
cannot change species on a grand scale. It operates within the boundaries
contained in the system. There is "intelligence" involved and not Natural
Selection.
"He is Allah (God), the Creator, the Evolver
(Koran)."
The fact that all living organism
are now known to be specified in the linear DNA sequence…has presented science
with a new and utterly different representation of the organic world. These
discoveries imply that not only is DNA remarkably fit for its hereditary role,
it is also remarkably fit in a number of different ways for directed evolution
(Denton 1998:275).
Modern biochemistry routinely
designs biochemical systems, which are now known to be the basis of life.
Therefore we do have experience in observing the INTELLIGENT DESIGN of the
components of life (Behe 1996: 219) …the conclusion to design is not
based on evidence that the laws of nature are adapted to some degree for life
(to emerge) but rather on the far stronger case that the cosmos is optimally
adapted for life so that EVERY constituent of the cell and EVERY
law of nature is uniquely and ideally fashioned to that end (Denton
1998:385)
Do they [the disbelievers] not
see that God has subjected for them WHATSOEVER is in the heavens and the
earth...? (KORAN 31:20) There are many modern-day
biologists who do not accept Evolution by Natural Selection as a fact because
they recognize that empirical evidence is missing and that there are too many
flaws and "missing links," and bad reasoning. Frustrated by the evidence,
Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of DNA envisioned life arriving on earth from a
different planet [as the origin of life on earth cannot be explained by leaving
God out of the picture]. His theory is called "directed panspermia." This
general idea seems to be based on the comic character Superman. An advanced
civilization, facing extinction sent primitive life forms to earth in a
spaceship. The primitive forms appear "suddenly" on earth.
"The most of them follow
nothing but conjecture. And surely, conjecture can never take the place of
truth. Indeed, Allah [God] is aware of what they do." Koran
10:36
Copyright © Muhammed
Asadi 1997 (revised 1999/2001) Notes:
1. "O Humankind what has deceived
you concerning your Cherisher (God), Most Bountiful, Who created you, then
fashioned, then proportioned you. Into whatever form He wills He makes you.."
Koran 82:6-8 2.God, the Genetic Code and
the Koran:
By the Glorious Koran! Nay, but
they are amazed that a Warner of there own has come unto them. And the rejecters
say: ` This is a strange thing: when we are dead and have become dust (shall we
be made alive again)? That would be a return most distant.' We know that which
the earth takes of them, and with Us is a protected transcription [or writing-
Kitaab]. Nay, but they have denied the truth when it came to them,
therefore now, they are in a troubled case..." Koran
50:2-5 What is this protected
transcription? The protected transcription from
which the human being can again be recreated [the context of the verse] after
his/her death is the genetic code. Russian scientists recently discussed
reproducing an extinct species of elephant by the use of a microscopic unit of a
long dead gene material. No one said that such an attempt was unreasonable. It
is perfectly logical, yet they haven't been able to do it. Clone: a group of
genetically identical cells or whole organisms derived from a single cell or
organism. Clones arise naturally in a number of ways. The body of an adult
animal or plant is typically a clone of cells having arisen by mitosis from a
single cell, the fertilized egg.... The cloning of mammals, including man is
theoretically possible, but it is more difficult to achieve because of the
smaller size of mammalian egg and the more complex conditions required for
normal embryonic development. [From Encyclopedia Americana, volume 7,
1993] The Koran, over 1400 years before
the above article was written compared the stages of human embryology [before
the discovery of the microscope] to the resurrection of the long dead on the
last day for judgment [a concept involving cloning]:
"What, does
humankind think that they will be left aimless? Was he [she] not a drop
ejaculated? Then he was a leech like structure. And He [God] created and formed.
And made of him a pair, the male and the female. What, is He not then able to
quicken the dead?" Koran 75:36-40 The above verse questions those
who reject the notion of the resurrection of the dead. Which is the more
difficult task: That you were created from an insignificant drop, which was so
small that it couldn't be seen without a microscope, or that some day you will
be formed again from your remnants? A comparison between human embryology and
cloning is also made just as the above article from Encyclopedia Americana.
"Your
creation and your resurrection [on the last day] is as a single unit [nafs- one
substance or essence]." Koran 31:28 Cloning involves the derivation
of a group of genetically identical cells or whole organism from a single
[Waahid- in the verse above] original cell or organism.
"Say: If the sea were to
become ink for the words of my Cherisher (God), indeed the sea would be used up
before the words of my Cherisher (God) were exhausted, even though we brought
the like of it [i.e. another sea] to its aid." Koran
18:109 Literally:
At the moment of conception,
when a sperm and ovum (egg) unite, an incredible number of personal features and
growth patterns are determined. It is estimated that the genetic information
carried in each human cell would fill thousands of 1000- page books- and that's
in fine print (Coon :366). The above Koranic verse is proven
true literally if we consider all the cells making up creation. If all the
information contained in all the cells were to be written down, surely:
"...the sea would be exhausted before the words of the Cherisher (God) are
exhausted." Consider this: one cell can fill up thousands
of 1000- page books and that in fine print! EXPERTS CITED: This paper DOES NOT
present in any way the Christian Creationists position on humankind's origin.
The Koran does not set a time of 6000 years for the creation of the world
neither does it support the unscientific ideas in the Bible. The Koran does not
validate the Bible nor the scientific errors contained in the Bible BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Please continue down. Thanks
KORAN AND THE ORIGIN OF
HUMANKIND
The "mitochondrial eve" theory of
the origin of mankind (i.e. homosapiens like us) is based on genetics and a
statistical analysis of mitochondria that is passed only through the mother.
They trace the origin of modern man to one woman among a small group in the
middle east where paleontologists are agreed that homosapiens originated.
Another point for the multiple
fathers and not one Adam and eve is the term in the Koran with which God reminds
us of the people who are our FIRST FATHERS (aabaakum ul awwalieen). It is the
FATHERS the plural and not father the singular.
CLAY: THE BEGINNING OF HUMANKIND
".....Indeed we created them
(humankind) of BINDING (laazib in Arabic) CLAY." Koran 37:11 1.Hubert Reeves. Professor at
University of Montreal. JANUARY 1998 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND PATIENCE
Charles
Darwin was a graduate of Christ College in Cambridge. He was a clergyman with no
previous background in biology or medicine. On December 21, 1831, Darwin sailed
from Plymouth, England on the Beagle. His traveling in the earth to discover the
origin of species was originally planned for two years but lasted five.
This voyage transformed the cleric into an independent and adventurous
scientist who then proposed and embraced the idea of transmutation of species.
Darwin's approach to discover the origin of species was a start in the right
direction, but the pseudoscientific theory that he constructed based on it, has
proved to be a leap backwards in what was to follow in biology.
To date:
II) Darwin himself in his letters confessed that
his theory cannot be demonstrated scientifically in any case [i.e. one species
evolving into another] but it helps explain a lot of things [even the
explanations he sought in the light of modern discovery are faulty especially
concerning rudimentary organs].
Evolution is a pseudoscientific and not a
scientific theory according to the very definition of a scientific theory.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, for a theory to be classified as scientific,
it must embody in itself facts within a framework of general laws.
The
History:
In the 6th Century B.C., Anaximander of Miletus
introduced the notion of evolution in the Animal Kingdom. In the century after,
Lucretius, in his book, "On Nature," seemed to favor a notion of natural
selection that preserves the strongest species. Buffon (1707-1788) supported
evolution but being afraid of challenging the established ideas of the day
retracted. Lamarck in 1801, before Darwin, outlined his theory of evolution in
his book, "Zoological Philosophy [La Philosophie zoologique] (Bucaille 1987)."
Lamarck theorized that the environment has a tremendous influence on
living organisms as a result of which they change to adapt. The change he said
is hereditary and is passed on to the next generation. The change would be of
growing complexity when it was favorable and when an organ was not used it would
atrophy (Bucaille 1987).
Lamarck was incorrect in his theorizing about
the hereditary nature of newly acquired characteristics, however, his ideas
provided Darwin with something to work on. Thus, Lamarck and not Darwin is the
actual "Father of Natural [materialistic] Evolution [as against directed
evolution] ." Darwin was also influenced by Malthus and bought into the theory
of geometric increase in population. He makes mention of it in the introduction
to the second edition (1860) of, On the Origin of Species (Bucaille
1987).
Biologists long before Darwin grouped animals together according
to some similarity and relationship. Taxonomists, for example, before Darwin
classified whales and bats as mammals and not fish and bird because in "essence"
they had features of mammals. The difference between pre-Darwinian taxonomists
and Darwin was that they attributed the similarity to a "blue print" existing
with God and Darwin attributed it to a natural gradual change from one to the
other. Thus Darwin’s theory explained (without empirical evidence) the similar
structures employed for classification i.e. homology (Johnson 1993).
Evolution by Natural Selection happens in slow steps?
A slow mechanism of evolution as envisioned by the Theory
of Evolution by Natural Selection necessitates innumerable transitional forms.
This was acknowledged by Darwin:
That natural selection
generally acts with extreme slowness, I duly admit.... As natural selection acts
solely by accumulating slight, successive, favorable variations, it can produce
no great or sudden modifications; it can act only by short and slow steps
(Darwin).
When objections arose as
to why we don't find the intermediary forms in fossil records, the only answer
Darwin and his supporters could give was that they are present but haven't been
dug up yet. While it might have carried some weight in his day but today with so
much paleontological excavations, whenever a new find is unearthed it belongs to
a well developed isolated class or a class we are already well aware of, and can
in not even one instance be classified as an intermediary that the theory of
evolution would predict.
The isolation of classes in all of paleontology
and in the observable natural world are absolute and transitions to particular
characteristic traits are abrupt and the phenomena of discontinuity is universal
throughout the living kingdom. Darwin's theory of Evolution failed in its
attempt to predict reality.
Darwin's theory can’t be termed as a
scientific fact. It deals with unique events, i.e. the origin of life, the
origin of intelligence, the origin of higher species etc. Unique events like the
ones evolutionary theory deals with are unrepeatable and therefore can never be
subject to scientific experimentation.
However when theories like
evolution become the "in-thing" in society they are given a very high "status"
and it is expected that people accept them just at "face-value" even though
empirical proof has never been presented or substantiated. The theory as such
becomes a metaphysical dogma, an ideological norm. Questioning such a theory
becomes akin to apostasy and is met with hate and emotion rather than scientific
evidence. Consider for example the faith that Dawkins, the author of The Blind
Watchmaker, has in Darwin's "church":
The
theory (of evolution) is about as much in doubt as the earth goes around the sun
(The Selfish Gene, page 1, 1976).
Richard Dawkins, the author of The Blind Watchmaker, by
playing with his 64K computer, envisions proving evolution. It is amazing to
note his ideas about "biomorphs" producing figures, which to his mind resembled
insects and bats (out of a million zillion garbage figures). I can find a bat or
an insect in a blotch of ink too if I look close enough. Do you know about the
Rosach Ink blot test? I can even see a man in a patch of ink. The imagination
fills in the gaps. The only thing the whole discussion on "biomorphs" proves is
a vivid imagination and a force fitting of it to a theory.
Dawkins also
overlooked, rather conveniently, the fact that any program involves the
existence of a programming intellect that provides the information necessary to
operate the system. The laws of evolution could not have originated the laws of
evolution since even according to the theory they require a specific order and
entities governed by that order.
Evolutionists and Neo-Darwinians
classify cells as evolved. This is not true: 99% of cellular structures all
across the species are identical. This figure is 100% for DNA. The only
difference between cells is the "program" which instructs them on how to
function. Darwinists have not shown to date how the cell with its irreducibly
complex features could have evolved through successive corrections. Thus
evolutionary theory fails at the basic cell level.
Every cell is
programmed to function in a specific way. Even the ordinary computer user knows
that a computer, with all its complex structures [hardware], will only function
if it has been programmed. A fact that implies the existence of a programming
intellect that provides the information required to operate the system
[software]. This should surely lead one to consider the role of the Creator in
life's existence.
"He
[Moses] said [to Pharaoh]: `Our Cherisher (God) is He who gave to everything its
creation then guided it." Koran 20:5
There's a genuine enigma, an ignorance faced by the
medical and biological community throughout the world, the origin of the genetic
code. It has not been demonstrated yet how the "increase in data," contained in
the genes leads to complex structures.
However this small
scale cannot be applied to the whole class of living organisms with the
conclusion that everything in nature has a common ancestor, i.e. primitive soup
cell which was created by chance with no intelligence involved. There is
complete lack of empirical evidence to support the notion that Macro-evolution
works in nature based solely on natural selection. There is no evidence
whatsoever which can prove that Natural Selection has transformed one species
into another on the "grand scale (bigger than the intelligently directed
separation of fruit flies, which nature didn’t change but human intelligence
did)" of the natural world.
The flaw in Darwin's conjecture was that he
translated evolution working within species without empirical evidence, into the
concept of his General Theory of Evolution by which he sought to explain the
origin of life on this planet. The mechanism operating within birds, to change
their beak sizes for example, or the color of the wing of the moth are minute
and microscopic compared to a change, say in cell to form a human brain. Natural
Selection could never have achieved that even by a wild swing of the
imagination. In a letter to Asa Grey, which Darwin wrote on September 5, 1857,
he says,
" Ones imagination must FILL UP
the very wide blanks."
Another thing,
which Darwin overlooked, being really impressed with the new theory in Geology,
of gradual change in the surface of the earth, was that Micro
changes don't always translate into Macro changes. For example,
the days to day weather changes that we experience are caused by different
reasons than the Macro changes in climate, caused by the earth's journey around
the sun. Also consider Geology, the Micro changes caused by weathering,
sedimentary deposition, volcanic activity are different to the Macro changes
caused by Plate Tectonics.
Consider an argument from language: In order
to change this simple word "SAT" into a fairly complex sentence, "HE **SAT** ON
THE MAT," we need an addition to information which is not contained in the word
SAT. Natural selection cannot explain the origin of the new information. The
origin of the genetic code and how it increases in information is an enigma to
all biologists, Darwinian or non-Darwinian ( and there are many modern
biologists who don't buy Darwin's ideas but there are NO modern physicists who
don't buy into the fact of the earth going around the sun).
Explaining
the addition to the information needed to transform a simple word to a very
simple sentence cannot be explained by Natural Selection. Even to change the
sentence: "He sat on the mat," to "He stood on the mat," we would need not a
step by step change but a simultaneous change to keep the sentence stable given
the criteria of English.
Step by Step Change:
He **SAT** on the mat
He **ST** on the mat
He
**STO**on the mat
He *STOO**on the mat
He *STOOD**on the
mat
Now count the transitory unstable "species" in the transformation.
They come to a minimum of 3. Note also that sentence 2-4 are non-functional
compared to sentence 1 and 5. According to the very definition of Natural
Selection, which is supposed to preserve beneficial changes, the transitory
forms don't work. Further in all the excavations of paleontology there is no
shred of evidence of numerous intermediary forms, the number of which should be
millions of times more than stable species according to the theory.
The
facts support a simultaneous and coordinated change, the addition in information
coming from an "intelligent" source, the originator of the Genetic code. As an
example consider the evolution of the horse which took place on different
continents under different conditions which would have yielded different results
according to Natural Selection and not the uniform result we see.
Consider what the natural world shows:
Biologists
today know that every organized being forms as a whole, by itself a unique and
perfect system the parts of which correspond and function mutually. None of the
parts can change one at a time as Natural Selection predicts without the whole
changing or there is no harmony, the kind of harmony we see in nature. The
isolation and distinctiveness of species and the existence of clear
discontinuities in nature are self-evident. Paleontology doesn't find any
evidence of innumerable intermediaries between species leading up to the
perfectly adapted final. All they find is thousands of identical individuals
that are distinct and isolated and functionally adapted and cannot be termed as
intermediaries. Natural data supports the notion of gaps and jumps in the
organization and complexity of species, and not unstable intermediaries.
The fossil record in the natural world consistently shows two things.
Johnson quotes Harvard Professor Stephen J. Gould, a well-known evolutionist,
when he explains this:
Both these facts, well
documented contradict evolution by natural selection. What keeps Darwinism alive
and well in the hearts of modern day scientists is what keeps Christianity alive
in the hearts of Christians, i.e. faith. There is no empirical evidence, no
verification by scientific facts to back the theory.
Neo-Darwinians
sometimes site the example of the Lung-Fish, which has the gill structure of the
fish but a heart of an amphibian as an intermediary. This however is incorrect
because of two reasons: i) Their theory doesn't point to just one but a million
intermediaries. So there is not only one missing link but zillions of missing
links ii) The lung fish cannot be termed as an intermediary because it is a
perfect system: the gills/respiration works like a perfect fish and the heart
like a perfect amphibian. There is no unstable intermediary "thing" in the
lungfish which natural selection will correct via its zillions more intermediary
stages. Neither do the gills show anything that is a transition between the fish
and an amphibian.
Concerning the fish story, P.P Grasse, the eminent
French Zoologist states:
How do you explain
"Pan chronic" species:
If Natural Selection was a fact, just like
the earth going around the sun, as Dawkins states, then how can you explain
certain species which have failed to evolve at all even though they undergo
mutations like all other species? The Pan chronic species stand as a challenge
to Neo-Darwinism.
As examples:
1. Bees from the tertiary period
are the same as today's bees. Consider the bee's sting which ensures its death
(not survival). If Natural Selection was the law, why did not the bee sting
evolve into something that did ensure survival and not death?
2. The
coelacanth, caused great excitement when it was first discovered. It dates from
the Cretaceous period, 130 million years back. They were thought to be extinct
but one live specimen was discovered in 1938, which is the same as its
ancestors. When it was dissected, its internal organs showed no sign of being
pre-adapted to a land environment and gave no clue as to how it could develop
into an amphibian (Johnson 1993: 76)
3. In plants, there is a living
plant fossil known as gingko that has leaves unlike that of any modern
tree.
4. The Lampreys are jaw-less fishes. If developing jaws was such a
big advantage according to evolutionary theory, how come these jaw-less, lower
stage fishes do so well? How come the intermediary stage between jaw-less and
jawed fish died out (with no fossil evidence) but the original primitive
jaw-less fish survived?
5. Bacteria although they reproduce and hence
mutate faster should have evolved more if Natural Selection was the case.
However fossil bacteria going back to 3.5 billion years are identical with
today's modern forms.
6. Blue Algae, have been in existence for over one
billion years, and are the same as today's algae. Also the opossum, which has
been around for millions of years without evolving. Sponges and cockroaches, are
good examples.
7. Fish lacking vision and also fish possessing sonar
[sonic radar] systems and fish that "see" by electric fields live side by side
at the bottom of the ocean. If evolutionist were correct then the blind fish
should have been replaced long time ago by the other two yet they have survived
side by side for millions of years.
Biologists state that
evolution in fishes and humans have come to a stand still. If we seek an answer
from Darwin's theory we fail to find one.
Excessive Evolution by
Natural Selection?
If Natural Selection was a fact, then how
come certain animals show excessive "evolutionary"
development if you
accept the premise of evolutionary theory, that calls for better adaptation. For
example:
It seems like in their case as in the many
other cases that Natural Selection died as a natural law. However, the law that
makes the earth go around the sun is uniform in all regions of the universe as
regards bodies which move relative to each other. So much for Dawkins'
physics.
Lack of Features?
Whereas the
evolutionists are fast to explain why certain features appear in species, they
never explain the lack of those features or why they don't appear in some. As
examples, consider the cilia (motile hairs) which are absent in spiders and eel
worms while they occur in a wide range of other creatures ranging from protozoan
to man. Why are pigmented cells, which affect color changes to protect certain
animals, absent from all warm-blooded animals. They would indeed be of as much
advantage to them as to cold-blooded animals?
Variety:
If Natural Selection were the blind case then everything would have
developed in one direction only. Just look at even the sizes of everything:
Lizards- big like crocodiles and small; cats small and big like the lion; pigs,
the guinea pig and the wild boar. Indeed the variety within species that doesn't
serve any adaptive advantage has always proved challenging for evolutionists to
explain away.
Variety
suggests intelligently directed change:
Indeed,
We created you according to the best organizational plan (taqweem) Koran 95:4
Artificial Selection is not the same as
Natural Selection:
Darwin linked Natural Selection
to artificial selection practiced by man, in influencing certain characteristics
in farm or other animals [selective breeding]. Modern Neo-Darwinists use the
same analogy. However there is are serious flaws in this analogy [as cited in
Bucaille (1987) and Johnson (1993):
It is like asking someone, "Why does it rain," and the response being,
"It rains because it rains." How this holds up as science is amazing!
Mathematical Challenges:
Mathematically: evolution
via blind Natural Selection is an impossibility. For a worm to be formed from an
amoeba, the alterations needed in its genetic code, would take 10 Trillion years
to produce at the of 1 change per second (this is 500 times the age of the
observable universe). The number of alterations in genetic code needed for an
ape to evolve into a man amount to 3 X 10520changes.
This is such a big impossibility that for example consider the volume of the
entire universe in terms of the diameter of ONE ELECTRON-one tiny electron much
smaller than an atom is 10124 [Paul S Moorhead and
Martin M Kaplan, Mathematical challenges to the Neo-Darwinian interpretations
of evolution. Philadelphia, Wistar Institute Press].
The Finch’s Beak:
A blind process like
Natural Selection cannot explain adaptation itself. Any automatic system, which
alters itself based on any stimuli, exists only if a need was previously
recognized by a "recognizer" and apparatus to deal with it were provided. The
ability to adapt is ingrained in the species by an intelligence that
pre-recognized that such conditions could be faced by that species.
Go
around a garden in the spring and see all the flowers growing and occupying the
same niche. Some of them would have four or five or six petals. How can you
prove the advantages of having four instead of five petals and so on? Why do
they all flourish if natural selection ensures the survival of the
fittest?
On one of the Hawaiian Islands, there are 300 species of
Drosphilia, compared with only a half a dozen species in the neighboring Island.
What this suggests is not slow sluggish natural selection but an "abrupt"
genetic change quite different to the accumulation of minute changes as proposed
by Darwin and his modern disciple Dawkins.
Competition or
Non-competition:
The picture in nature of competition that Darwin
envisioned is faulty also. His example of competition was that of a wolf. The
wolf he said, that ran faster would kill more effectively and get the meat as
compared to other wolves. Coming from a naturalist this conclusion is completely
misleading. Wolves, it has been observed, hunt in packs and SHARE the meat. It
is also a well known fact to naturalists that competition in the natural world
is rare and animals have mechanisms like specialization of diet and defining of
territories to avoid competition. Examples exist of fishes of various different
species, recorded and video taped, which feed on the same coral reef in close
proximity to each other without any conflict whatsoever. P.P Grasse, the French
biologist studied butterflies and found no competition among
them.
Evolutionists suggest that "wings" got developed as an advantage.
If flight was such an advantage why do we see penguins trying to give up that
advantage and return to its ancestral marine life, from which they emerged
according to evolutionary theory?
Other valid questions that arise are:
Who evolved from whom? In terms of color and art, the butterfly is much superior
to the human. In terms of memory retention as a function of brain weight, the
Dolphin exceeds all. The termite, smaller than an ant , in terms of warfare and
the poison that it produces is much more effective than bigger-so called higher
stage in evolution- animals. In terms of radar vision, the bat is unsurpassed.
"O
humankind, an example is struck so pay attention to it: ` Those on whom you call
besides God will never be able to create a fly even though they combine together
for the purpose..... So weak are the seeker and the sought."
Koran
22:73
Self-destruct?
It is a well-known fact
that certain conifer plants produce chemical compounds that irresistibly attract
coleoptera which then devour them. The production of these chemical compounds is
therefore responsible for the death of this plant. This process has been going
on for millions of years. Where has natural selection vanished in the case of
this poor plant. There are species of the antelope whose hoofs contain glands
which secrete a particular odor, which as the antelope runs is left on the
ground and makes the attacking carnivore track it. Thus, here is another case of
Natural Selection taking a vacation.
Catastrophe or Gradual
Extinction?
Evolution by Natural Selection implies a gradual
extinction. The fittest survive and the weak are gradually wiped out. As a
result it predicts the multiplicity of fossils showing intermediaries between
the various stages of evolution [the famous "missing links"]. Not only does the
fossil record not show gradual evolution as envisioned by Darwin, it shows
sudden extinction that is a problem from Darwinism.
What he might not have realized is that the above is "his"
interpretation of homology and not a strong scientific conclusion. If I see the
Mercedes insignia on all different models of Mercedes, would I conclude that
they all have a common ancestor? No, I would conclude that they have the same
manufacturer, who builds them according to a blue print and leaves and signs his
name. Darwin's conclusion was at best subjective. I could say that the Creator
has a pattern or method of creation, his signature that proves one as against
many creators. Why would my conclusion be wrong?
Invoking homology is
taking refuge in a philosophical argument. If Darwinism is to be seen as a
science, it has to provide empirical evidence. Long before Darwin, taxonomists
had recognized the idea of homology, their philosophical explanation was
different but philosophically it was as sound as Darwin’s explanation. We need
empirical evidence to take a theory from the realm of philosophy to the level of
science. Darwin acknowledged that empirical evidence was missing in the case of
his theory but then when objections arose he resorted to rhetorical rebuttals,
having nothing to do with empirical scientific evidence.
The homology
that Darwin pointed out was based on the pentadectyl (5 fingers) pattern of the
hind limb, showing similarities in the early embryo of the Kangaroo, who uses
these for jumping, in the Koala who uses them for leaf eating and others. Darwin
had no idea of genetics, advances in which were made much after his passing
away. If it was shown that homologous genes specified homologous structures and
if embryological research showed that homologous structures followed similar
development patters then he might have had a case. However, it has been clearly
shown today that homologous structures are inspired by non-homologous genetic
systems. The origin of homologous structures is not homologous at all. In
embryology the difference between the division of egg to the blastula and the
blastula itself is very different when compared between amphibian, reptile and
mammal. Also the way in which the gastrula gets formed. If classification was
done solely on embryology then these structures could never have been termed
homologous since they are arrived at by different routes.
Consider
another example from botany: Conifers and Angiosperms are considered as
homologous but they differ markedly in the way the ovule and the endosperm
forms. Darwin was completely wrong when he suggested in his definition of
homology as, "relationship between parts which result from their development
from corresponding embryonic parts (The Origin of Species, 492)."
De
Beer, British embryologist and the Director of the British Natural History
Museum, in his article, Homology the Unresolved Problem (1971:15) writes:
Evolutionists tend to judge overall similarity on
terms of skeletal anatomy [especially when they suggest the evolution of the
mammals from reptiles, Therapsida]. This however is faulty. There is for example
an almost identical convergence between the marsupial and the placental dogs of
Australia. They are incredibly similar in gross appearance and skeletal
structure, teeth, skull etc. So similar in fact that only a skilled zoologist
can distinguish between them. Yet in terms of their soft anatomy, there is an
enormous difference between the two. Also consider the case of the whales, fish
and ichthyosaurs, the similarity of forelimb of mole and the insect mole
cricket, the design of the eye of the invertebrates and cephalopods and the
cochlea in birds and mammals. However these small similarities do not imply any
close biological relationship at all!
There is not one iota of evidence
to suggest that one species of hominid evolved into another via Natural
Selection. The existence (of some hominid species) has been determined, one
species disappears and the other SUCCEEDS it. There is however no scientific
evidence to defend the theory that man [Homo Sapiens] are descended from the
lineage of the great apes, via blind Natural Selection.
"Indeed, We created them and strengthened them. And when We willed,
We replaced them completely by people of the same kind." Koran 76:28
"And He [God] created you in stages [or phases]."
Koran 71:14
Neo-Darwinians claim that
birds evolved from reptiles. However the facts point out that whenever we have
ever uncovered the first representatives of a group for example the bird, the
fossil records show a construction which is highly specialized and completely
characteristic of the whole group. The fact is that every single flying bird
from the Archaeopteryx on has possessed highly developed aerofoil (flight wings)
containing fully developed flight feathers. It shows that the one who designed
these has a full awareness of the laws of aerodynamics. Blind, natural selection
based on survival of the fittest could never achieve this. The sudden origin of
the angiosperm for example and the first animals in Cambrian rocks has baffled
biologists.
So big is the gap between species, that not only is there no
empirical evidence linking the species but also transitional hypothetical
intermediary groups cannot even be constructed by Neo-Darwinians. Considering
these facts it is a surprise that the scientific community even listens to them.
But it has become a ideological matter to them, so they have to
listen.
Evolutionists say that the purpose of evolution is to attain
survival adaptation. Adaptation, without any intelligence involved, based on
random chance doesn't make any sense at all. The concept of what is "functional"
has to be defined [using intelligence] and then strides towards reaching that
goal made. Without putting "intelligence" in the picture, this journey to
perfect adaptation makes no sense at all.
As an example, take the claim
that birds evolved from reptiles and the reptile scale led to the development of
the highly specialized wing of the bird. Some Darwinians suggest that the wing
developed out of an intermediary structure of "gliding" device. They don't
realize however that according to their theory a need must be met for "further"
improvement by natural selection to ensure survival. It was a gliding device,
then to be a good gliding device it had to have as a principle air trapping by
making the surface area big. Any fraying of the reptile scales in a move towards
wings would make them pervious to the air and much less useful as gliding
devices. Being aware of this problem some Darwinians have suggested that the
wing developed out of insect eating reptiles having a need to "net" the insects
with their scales, which led to the formation of wings. Any net however has to
be pervious to air for it to be useful. Any wings pervious to air would be
useless for flight. You cannot have it both ways.
Evolutionists pointed
to organs, which they termed as useless in the human body as evidence of remains
from a lower evolutionary form. However those same organs that they pointed to
as being useless [Thymus, pineal gland, Tonsils, the appendix] have all been
shown to be very useful in the human body according to modern research, playing
a big role even in the human body's fight against cancer[For further information
see Asadi 1992: 73-74].
Darwin Falsified:
On Page
182 of the Origin of Species, Darwin writes:
"I do not believe that such a case (of
a complex organ that can't be produced by slight modification) will ever be
found. If it is..., I shall cease to believe in
Darwinism.
Now consider these examples
among the numerous that exist:
The flight feather of the Bird:
Just how the scales of reptiles led to the
development via blind natural selection, to such a complex structure as the wing
remains an enigma to biologists. No one has come close even to describing the
stages (intermediary) and what functionality they would serve and how they would
arise. We are thus at an absence of even a theoretic basis for such a
'fantastic' idea.
Bird Respiration
Not only is the
wing that is unique and uniform throughout all species of birds, they have
another unique feature and that is their respiratory system. In all vertebrates
(those having backbones), air is drawn into the lungs via branching tubes which
end in air sacs. Therefore air flows in and out through the same passage. In
birds however, the flow of air is unidirectional. The bronchi break down into
para-bronchi, which permeate the whole lung and reconnect again to form a
complete circulatory system. How such a system could have evolved via natural
selection is simply impossible. The slightest alteration in functioning of
respiration leads to immediate death. The system appears uniform in all birds in
a fully functional form. We have yet to see any Darwinian set up a theory even
of how this modification took place from the reptile. In the absence of even a
theory on how it happened and absolutely no empirical evidence, we are justified
to state that Darwin and Dawkins have been falsified.
The
Bones:
Consider the construction of bones. Without them many
terrestrial creatures couldn't support themselves against the drag of gravity.
Their construction shows a unique design of spaces left for blood vessels and
bone making cells. The major bones contain a cavity lined with a sheath, which
generates blood cells. Without newer cells being made all the time we would die,
as human blood cells have a life of only 120 days. The joints are another wonder
with a lubricant, the synovial fluid. Nothing as complex as this structure can
arise due to accumulation of chance mutations. It would require a burst of
DIRECTED mutations, all integrated to a single end. Natural Selection cannot
explain this or any other similar complex structure.
Blood clotting works by turning on and off of proteins at
precisely the correct spot at the correct time. If anything goes wrong in the
process if the proteins are crudely made or improper inhibitors present, the
organism would either bleed to death or his whole blood would clot and kill him
or the clot would form at the wrong spot and block circulation and cause heart
failure. How such a system could have arisen out of blind natural selection
remains an enigma to this date to biochemists.
Transcription
System:
different
proteins, all carrying out different but specific steps in the assembly of a new
protein molecule. If only a small proportion of these were "crudely made" as
evolutionists would suggests in the earlier stages of the cell, it is
practically impossible for any protein to ever be manufactured let alone with a
specific configuration of molecules capable of performing specific
functions.
The translation system in a cell is completely dependent on
accurately made proteins and an imperfect protein synthetic system is hard even
to theorize. It would sound like an unintelligent and absurd hypothesis to a
geneticist. Just how efficient enzymes could have been manufactured before an
efficient translation system (as evolutionists claim) remains an enigma to them
to this day and sounds like gibberish to the objective geneticist.
The
bigger problem, even bigger than the one above is that the protein synthetic
system cannot work in isolation but only in conjunction with other complex
subsystems of the cell. Thus the origin of the replication mechanism cannot be
envisioned via natural selection.
Behe concludes (1996):
Molecular evolution is not based on scientific authority. There is no
publication in the scientific literature- in prestigious journals, specialty
journals, or books- that describes how molecular evolution of any real, complex,
biochemical system either did occur or even might have occurred…., absolutely
NONE are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations… (Behe
1996:185)
THE
ORIGINATOR OF THE GENETIC CODE MAKES THE CHANGE:
The
results of these cumulative efforts [to uncover the complexity of the cell] at
the molecular level- is a loud, clear, piercing cry of "design?" The result is
so unambiguous and so significant that it must be ranked as one of the greatest
achievements in the history of science (Behe
1996:232-233)
Directed
Evolution and not Natural Selection:
Nature’s Destiny:
One statement
captures it all, centuries earlier:
Whereas, we
can construct a theory to "fit" some of the facts, this theory [about spacemen]
cannot be tested just like Natural Selection. The "home planet" is extinct
according to the theory and the "spacemen" are just as invisible as the "missing
links" in the evolutionary chain of Darwin (Johnson 1993:110).
It's unfortunate that based on blind materialism we base our entire
knowledge of the origin of species, biology and medicine on the "fairy tale",
termed Evolution by Natural Selection. I end with what Johnson writes:
When
a scientist of Crick’s caliber [the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA] feels
he has to invoke invisible spacemen, it is time to consider whether the field of
pre-biological evolution has come to a dead end.. (Johnson 1993:111)
However, when
it comes to the Koran, and when the same terminology is used, centuries ago, the
rejecters say it's unreasonable! It may be unusual but it certainly isn't
unreasonable. Indeed, such evidence in the Koran, considering the time of its
revelation proves it, in accordance with its claims, of originating with the One
who has knowledge of creation.
A recent editorial in the "Science" journal,
titled, "Hints of a language in junk DNA (Nov 25, 1994), describing the work of
Eugene Stanley of Boston University, who used statistical techniques borrowed
from linguists and found evidence that much of the non protein coating DNA has
informational characteristics resembling those of human language (Denton
1998:290)
Hubert Reeves. Professor at University of
Montreal.
Joel De Rosnay. Ex-Director of Pasteur Institute in
France.
Yves Coppens. Professor, College de France (co-discoverer of
Lucy).
Dr. Haluk Nurbaki. Oncologist. Turkey.
Dr. Maurice
Bucaille. Surgeon, French Academy of Medicine.
Michael J Denton.
Research Fellow, Molecular Genetics, University of Otago, NewZealand.
Michael Behe, Professor of Biochemistry at Lehigh University,
Pennsylvania.
Others are listed within the article.
Asadi, Muhammed A. Koran: A Scientific Analysis. Lahore, Pakistan 1992
Behe, Michael.Darwin’s Black Box. 1996. The Free Press.
Bucaille,
Maurice. What is the Origin of Man. Seghers. Paris 1987.
Coon, Dennis.
Introduction to Psychology. 5th Ed, West Publishing Co. 1989.
Denton,
Michael. Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.1984: The Free Press
Denton,
Michael J. Nature’s Destiny. 1998. New York: The Free Press.
Darwin: The
Origin of Species.
Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker. W.W Norton
& Co. 1996.
Johnson. Phillip. Darwin on Trial. 2nd
ed.1993. Inter-varsity Press: Illinois.
Nurbaki, Haluk Dr. Verses from
the Koran & Facts of Science. Ankara, Turkey 1989
Taylor, Gordon
Rattray. The Great Evolutionary Mystery. Harper & Row, NY 1983
Koran- Translation from the original Arabic.
Encyclopedia
Americana, vol 7, 1993.
It is the most scientific of all theories presented so far and has
striking similarities with the concept in the Koran of mankind originating from
a NAFS e waahid, one NAFS, the aya in the Koran 4:1. The zawj or pair of the
woman would then be the first male child she gave birth to. Adam might refer to
the first group of isolated and independent homosapiens since the plural and not
the dual is used for them in the Koran. Consider the comparison of Jesus with
Adam in the Koran:
"The example of Jesus with Allah
(God), is as the example of Adam. He created him from
dust..."(Koran)
This doesn't face
the incest and other problems posed by the "one Adam and one eve" theory. It
struck me almost like revelation when I was reading this book by Leaky on the
origin of humankind and the various theories presented.
Further evidence
on this is that Neanderthals and homosapiens lived side by side for around
60,000 years and then the Adam:
(i) would be the first group of
independent and isolated homosapiens) became successors over them, just like God
says, I'm going to create on earth a successor.
Another point, language
has been termed as the one factor which led to the isolation and development of
the homosapiens, a point that God demonstrates to the angels as narrated by the
Koran (chapter 2).
(ii) The angels objection makes sense only if they
had witnessed previous "successors"like the Neanderthals shedding blood and doing
mischief on earth.
"...We
BEGAN (emphasis-mine) the creation of humankind from clay (Koran 32:7).
"...We created humankind of dry clay of
altered black mud (Koran 15:26)
Only in the presence of
clay which is alternately dried and then becomes moist again (Koran 15:26) do
long chains of organic molecules combine with each other to form nucleic acids.
Clay also acts like a binding magnet (Koran 37:11); clay ions attract
matter and incite it to react. The trace elements we see today are the result of
the evolution of just such ions. In clay and binding sticky mud, carbon and
nitrogen atoms have negative valences C-4 and N-3. Oxygen, phosphorous and
hydrogen occurring naturally in the soil can only combine with negatively
charged carbon and nitrogen to form the basic constituents of the human body.
Clay also acts as a desiccator, removing water so that large organic
molecules can be formed. Via God's will intelligent life evolved out of clay
(Koran 32:7)
Acknowledgements:
2.Joel De Rosnay. Ex-Director of Pasteur
Institute in France.
3.Yves Coppens. Professor, College de France
(co-discoverer of Lucy)
4.Dr. Haluk Nurbaki. Oncologist.
5.Dr.
Maurice Bucaille. Surgeon, French Academy of
Medicine.
Muhammed
Asadi
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